pledged for

ὑπόκειμαι, used as [voice] Pass. of ὑποτίθημι, [tense] fut. ὑποκείσομαι Pi.O.1.85, etc., but [tense] aor. ὑπετέθην:—

A lie under,

ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα κεῖται Il.21.364

;

θεμέλιοι ὑ. Th.1.93

;

τὸν μηρὸν ὑποκείμενον ἔχειν Arist.IA 712b32

, cf. PA 686a13, 689b18: c. dat.,

τοιαύτης τῆς κρηπῖδος ὑποκειμένης ταῖς πολιτείαις Pl.Plt. 301e

: τὰ ὑποκείμενα, opp. τὰ ὑπερκείμενα, Sor.1.8.

2 of places, lie close to,

ὑποκειμένης τῆς Εὐβοίας ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Isoc. 4.108

;

ὑ. τὸ πεδίον τῷ ἱερῷ Aeschin.3.118

;

λόφος ὑποκείμενος τοῖς Σιννάκοις Plu.Crass.29

;

τὸ τὴν οἰκουμένην ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον Arist.Mete. 364a7

, cf.Pr. 941b39;

<τὰ> πρὸς βορρᾶν καὶ ἄρκτον ὑποκείμενα μέρη τῶν ὀρέων Gp.2.5.1

; τὰ ὑποκείμενα ἐδάφη the adjacent soil, D.S.3.50; ἡ-κειμένη χώρα the adjacent country, ibid. (but, the adjacent low lands, Id.2.37, Plu.Sert.17);

ὄρος ὑπόκειται Plb.5.59.4

codd. ( ἐπίκ- Schweigh.);

ὁ ὑποκείμενος ποταμός Id.3.74.2

; ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τὴν ο?ὑπόκειμαιXψιν to be presented to the sight, Demetr.Lac.Herc.1013.17.

3 to be given below in the text,

κατὰ τὴν.. συγγραφήν, ἧς τὸ ἀντίγραφον ὑπόκειται PCair.Zen.355.122

(iii B. C.); γράψον.. τοὺς χαρακτῆρας ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, PMag.Par.1.408; λέγε τὸν λόγον τὸν ὑποκείμενον ib.230; ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, Sammelb.5231.11 (i A. D.), etc.; also, as set forth, PKlein.Form.78 (v/vi A. D.).

II in various metaph. senses,

1 to be established, set before one (by oneself or another) as an aim or principle, ἐμοὶ μὲν οὗτος ἄεθλος ὑποκείσεται shall be my appointed task, Pi. l. c.; δυοῖν ὑποκειμένοιν ὀνομάτοιν two phrases being prescribed, having legal sanction, D.23.36; ὑπόκειται πρῶτον μὲν διωμοσία, δεύτερον δὲ λόγος the prescribed course is.., ib.71; μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων to abide by one's resolves, Plb.1.19.6, 2.51.1;

μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς ὑ. γνώμης Id.1.40.5

; ἐμοὶ ὑπόκειται ὅτι .. for me it is a fixed principle that.., Hdt.2.123, cf. Arist.Oec. 1343b9;

νομίζω συμφέρειν.. τοῦθ' ὑποκεῖσθαι D.14.3

; τῶν πραγμάτων ἐν οἷς τὰ ὑποκείμενα διαφέρει τῷ εἴδει things of which the principles differ in kind, Arist.Pol. 1275a35; τὰς ὑποκειμένας μοίρας τξ the conventional 3600, Ptol.Alm.5.1.

2 to be assumed as a hypothesis (cf.

ὑπόθεσις 111

), Pl.Cra. 436d, al.; ὑπέκειτο μὴ οἷόν τε εἶναι .. Id.Erx. 404b;

τούτων ὑποκειμένων Id.Prt. 359a

, R. 478e; τὴν ἐκ τῶν -κειμένων ἀρίστην [πολιτείαν] the best (possible) in the circumstances, opp. to τὴν κρατίστην ἁπλῶς and to τὴν ἐξ ὑποθέσεως, Arist. Pol. 1288b26;

ὑποκείσθω τι

let it be taken for granted,

Id.EN 1103b32

, cf. 1129a11, al., Gal.15.175; ὑποκείσθω ὅτι .. let it be taken for granted that.., Arist.Pol. 1323b40;

ὑ. εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν κίνησιν Id.Rh. 1369b33

: so with a nom., ὑ. ἡ ἀρετὴ εἶναι .. Id.EN 1104b27, cf. Rh. 1357a11: c. part.,

τοιόνδε ζῷον ὑ. ὄν Id.GA 778b17

: without any Verb, ἡ τοῦ δέρματος φύσις ὑ. γεώδης (sc. εἶναι or οὖσα) ib. 782a29, etc.: cf. ὑποτίθημι IV. 1.

3 to be suggested,

τρόπῳ τῷ ἐξ ἐμεῦ -κειμένῳ Hdt.3.40

.

4 to be in prospect,

ἐλπὶς ὑπόκειται σφαλεῖσι κἂν αὐτοὺς διασῴζεσθαι Th.3.84

;

αἱ ὑποκείμεναι προσδοκίαι καὶ αἱ ἐλπίδες D.19.24

; παρ' ὑμῖν ὀργὴ μεγάλη καὶ τιμωρία ὑπόκειται τοῖς τὰ ψευδῆ μαρτυροῦσι is reserved for them, Id.34.19, cf. Lycurg.130; δυοῖν κινδύνοιν -κειμένοιν ibid.;

ὁρᾶν τὸν θάνατον ὑποκείμενον PPetr.3p.73

(iii B. C.);

φόβου ὑποκειμένου ὅτι οἴσει τι βέβαιον παρὰ σοῦ PSI4.380.3

(iii B. C.);

τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς μηθὲν ἀσεβὲς ἐπιτελεσαμένοις κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ πολέμου νόμους ὑπόκειται παθεῖν Plb.2.58.10

.

5 to be subject to, submit to,

τῷ ἄρχοντι Pl.Grg. 510c

;

βασιλεῖ Philostr. VA3.20

;

πατράσιν POxy. 237 vii 16

(ii A. D.);

ἐξετάσεσιν PFlor.33.14

(iv A. D.);

βασάνοις POxy.58.25

(iii A. D.): abs., pay court to one,

ὑποκείσονται δεόμενοι καὶ τιμῶντες Pl.R. 494c

; τῷ λόγῳ to be captivated by the story, Philostr.VA6.14;

θρῆνοι -κείμενοι

subdued,

Id.VS2.4.2

.

6 to be subject to, liable to a penalty, Supp.Epigr.6.424, cf. 415,421, al. ([place name] Iconium), PLond.1.77.53 (vi A. D.): also c. acc.,

ὑποκείσεται τῷ φίσκῳ δηνάρια πεντακόσια Rev.Phil.36.61

([place name] Iconium).

7 to be pledged or mortgaged, c. gen., for a certain sum, Is.6.33, D.49.11,35;

ναῦς ὑποκειμένη ἡμῖν Id.56.4

; τὰ ὑποκείμενα the articles pledged, Syngr. ap.D.35.12; the mortgaged property, SIG1044.28 (Halic., iv/iii B. C.);

ἐνέχυρα-κείμενα IG12(7).58

([place name] Amorgos); ὑποκείμενοι, of slaves pledged for a sum of money, D.27.9.

b of payments, to have been granted or allocated, ἀποφαίνουσιν ὑποκεῖσθαι ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τῶν εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ (sc. ὑποκειμένων)

δίδοσθαι κτλ. UPZ21.4

(ii B. C.), cf. 23.21 (ii B. C.), BGU 1197.4, 1200.28 (both i B. C.): Subst. ὑποκείμενα, τά, = φιλάνθρωπα, salary ( ear-marked proceeds of taxes),

τὰ ἐπιβάλλοντά μοι ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὑ. PLond.2.357.9

, cf. 5 (i A. D.);

ὑ. αἰτεῖ ἀπὸ τῶν κωμῶν BGU23.12

(ii/iii A. D.), cf. OGI665.19,26 (Egypt, i A. D.): c. dat., as part of name of specific taxes,

ὑ. βασιλικῇ γραμματείᾳ

ear-marked for the benefit of..,

PPar.17.22

(ii A. D.);

ὑ. τοπογραμματείᾳ PSI1.101.18

(ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1436.23 (ii A. D.), etc.: also in sg.,

ὑποκείμενον ἐπιστρατηγία BGU 199.14

(ii A. D.), cf. PFlor.375.22 (ii A. D.), etc.: also c. gen.,

ὑ. ἐννομίου PRyl.213.72

, al. (ii A. D.); τοπαρχίας ib.73, etc.

8 in Philosophy, to underlie, as the foundation in which something else inheres, to be implied or presupposed by something else,

ἑκάστῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων.. ὑ. τις ἴδιος οὐσία Pl.Prt. 349b

, cf. Cra. 422d, R. 581c, Ti.Locr.97e: τὸ ὑποκείμενον has three main applications: (1) to the matter which underlies the form, opp. εἶδος, ἐντελέχεια, Arist.Metaph. 983a30; (2) to the substance (matter + form) which underlies the accidents, opp. πάθη, συμβεβηκότα, Id.Cat. 1a20,27, Metaph. 1037b16, 983b16; (3) to the logical subject to which attributes are ascribed, opp. τὸ κατηγορούμενον, Id.Cat. 1b10,21, Ph. 189a31: applications (1 ) and (2 ) are distinguished in Id.Metaph. 1038b5, 1029a1-5, 1042a26-31: τὸ ὑ. is occasionally used of what underlies or is presupposed in some other way, e. g. of the positive termini presupposed by change, Id.Ph. 225a3-7.

b exist, τὸ ἐκτὸς ὑποκείμενον the external reality, Stoic.2.48, cf. Epicur.Ep.1pp.12,24 U.;

φῶς εἶναι τὸ χρῶμα τοῖς ὑ. ἐπιπῖπτον Aristarch.

Sam. ap. Placit.1.15.5;

τὸ κρῖνον τί τε φαίνεται μόνον καὶ τί σὺν τῷ φαίνεσθαι ἔτι καὶ κατ' ἀλήθειαν ὑπόκειται S.E.M.7.143

, cf. 83,90,91, 10.240; = ὑπάρχω, τὰ ὑποκείμενα πράγματα the existing state of affairs, Plb.11.28.2, cf. 11.29.1, 15.8.11,13, 3.31.6, Eun.VSp.474 B.;

Τίτος ἐξ ὑποκειμένων ἐνίκα, χρώμενος ὁπλις μοῖς καὶ τάξεσιν αἷς παρέλαβε Plu.Comp.Phil.Flam.2

;

τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως ὑποκειμένης Id.2.336b

;

ἐχομένου τοῦ προσιόντος λόγου ὡς πρὸς τὸν ὑποκείμενον A.D.Synt.122.17

.

c ὁ ὑ. ἐνιαυτός the year in question, D.S.11.75; οἱ ὑ. καιροί the time in question, Id.16.40, Plb.2.63.6, cf. Plu.Comp.Sol.Publ.4; τοῦ ὑ. μηνός the current month, PTeb.14.14 (ii B. C.), al.; ἐκ τοῦ ὑ. φόρου in return for a reduction from the said rent, PCair.Zen.649.18 (iii B. C.); πρὸς τὸ ὑ. νόει according to the context, Gp.6.11.7.

9 in logical arrangement, to be subject or subordinate,

τῇ.. ἰατρικῇ.. ἡ ὀψοποιικὴ.. ὑ. Pl. Grg. 465b

;

ὁ τὴν καθόλου ἐπιστήμην ἔχων οἶδέ πως πάντα τὰ ὑποκείμενα Arist.Metaph. 982a23

, cf. APo. 91a11;

ἑκάστη [τέχνη] περὶ τὸ αὐτῇ ὑ. ἐστι διδασκαλική Id.Rh. 1355b28

.

b ἡ ὑ. ὕλη the subject-matter of a science or treatise, Id.EN 1094b12, 1098a28, Phld.Po.Herc.1676.3 (pl.); τὸ ὑ. the part affected by a disease, Plb.1.81.6.

III trans., = ὑποτέθειμαι, I have appended,

ὧν τὸ καθ' ἓν ὑπόκειμαι PTeb. 140

(i B. C.); cf. παράκειμαι ([place name] Addenda).

παραδίδωμι (Pind., Hdt.+) pres. 3 sg. παραδίδει (-δίδη cod. [ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf.]), subj. 3 sg. παραδιδῷ and παραδιδοῖ 1 Cor 15:24 (B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §14, 12; Mlt-H. 204), ptc. παραδιδούς; impf. 3 sg. παρεδίδου Ac 8:3 and 1 Pt 2:23, pl. παρεδίδουν Ac 16:4 v.l.; 27:1 and παρεδίδοσαν 16:4 (B-D-F §94, 1; Mlt-H. 202); fut. παραδώσω; 1 aor. παρέδωκα; 2 aor. indic. παρέδοσαν Lk 1:2; 2 aor. subj. 3 sg. παραδῷ and παραδοῖ Mk 4:29; 14:10, 11; J 13:2 (B-D-F §95, 2; Mlt-H. 210f), impv. παράδος, ptc. παραδούς; pf. παραδέδωκα, ptc. παραδεδωκώς (Ac 15:26); plpf. 3 pl. παραδεδώκεισαν Mk 15:10 (on the absence of augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; Mlt-H. 190). Pass.; impf. 3 sg. παρεδίδετο 1 Cor 11:23b (-δίδοτο is also attested; B-D-F §94, 1; Mlt-H. 206); 1 fut. παραδοθήσομαι; 1 aor. παρεδόθην; perf. 3 sg. παραδέδοται Lk 4:6, ptc. παραδεδομένος (Ac 14:26).

① to convey someth. in which one has a relatively strong personal interest, hand over, give (over), deliver, entrust

ⓐ a thing τινί τι (Jos., Ant 4, 83; Mel., P. 42, 290; 292; 294) τάλαντά μοι Mt 25:20, 22. αὐτοῖς τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ vs. 14. ὑμῖν τὴν γῆν 1 Cl 12:5. τινὶ τὴν κτίσιν Hv 3, 4, 1; λίθους Hs 9, 7, 1; ἀμπελῶνα 5, 6, 2. Also in the sense give back, restore, give up (X., Hell. 2, 3, 7 τινί τι) αὐτῷ τὴν παρακαταθήκην ἣν ἔλαβον Hm 3:2.—Pass., w. the thing easily supplied fr. the context ἐμοὶ παραδέδοται Lk 4:6.—παρέδωκεν τὸ πνεῦμα J 19:30 (ApcMos 42; cp. TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 4f [Stone p. 82] Σαρρα … παρέδωκε τὴν ψυχήν; ParJer 9:8; ApcEsdr 7:14) needs no dat.: he gave up his spirit voluntarily. ἄνθρωποι παραδεδωκότες τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ κυρίου men who have risked ( pledged Field, Notes 124) their lives for the name of the Lord Ac 15:26. καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα καυθήσομαι and if I give up my body to be burned 1 Cor 13:3 (Maximus Tyr. 1, 9i τῇ Αἴτνῃ αὐτοῦ παραδοὺς σῶμα; Syntipas p. 60, 11 πυρὶ σεαυτὴν παραδίδως). ὅταν παραδιδοῖ τ. βασιλείαν τῷ θεῷ when (Christ) delivers the kingship to God 15:24.

ⓑ hand over, turn over, give up a person ([Lat. trado] as a t.t. of police and courts ‘hand over into [the] custody [of]’ OGI 669, 15; PHib 92, 11; 17; PLille 3, 59 [both pap III B.C.]; PTebt 38, 6 [II B.C.] al.—As Military term ‘surrender’: Paus. 1, 2, 1; X., Cyr. 5, 1, 28; 5, 4, 51.) τινά someone Mt 10:19; 24:10; 27:18; Mk 13:11; Ac 3:13. Pass. Mt 4:12; Mk 1:14; Lk 21:16. τινά τινι Mt 5:25 (fr. one official to another, as UPZ 124, 19f [II B.C.]; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 11 [Stone p. 78]); 18:34; 27:2; Mk 10:33b; cp. 15:1; Lk 12:58; 20:20; J 18:30, 35; Ac 27:1; 28:16 v.l.; Hs 7:5; 9, 10, 6; Pass. Lk 18:32; J 18:36; Hv 5:3f; m 4, 4, 3; Hs 6, 3, 6b; 9, 11, 2; 9, 13, 9; 9, 20, 4; 9, 21, 4. τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρέδωκεν τῷ θελήματι αὐτῶν Lk 23:25.—Esp. of Judas (s. Brown, Death I 211f on tendency of translators to blur the parallelism of Judas’ action to the agency of others in the passion narrative), whose information and action leads to the arrest of Jesus, w. acc. and dat. ἐγὼ ὑμῖν παραδώσω αὐτόν Mt 26:15. Cp. Mk 14:10; Lk 22:4, 6; J 19:11. Pass. Mt 20:18; Mk 10:33a. Without a dat. Mt 10:4; 26:16, 21, 23; Mk 3:19; 14:11, 18; Lk 22:48; J 6:64, 71; 12:4; 13:21. Pass. Mt 26:24; Mk 14:21; Lk 22:22; 1 Cor 11:23b (NRSV et al. render ‘betrayed’, but it is not certain that when Paul refers to ‘handing over’, ‘delivering up’, ‘arresting’ [so clearly Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 36, 50 Jac. παραδοθείς ‘surrendered’] he is even thinking of the action taken against Jesus by Judas much less interpreting it as betrayal; cp. Ac 3:13 παρεδώκατε). ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτόν (παραδιδούς με) his (my) informer (on the role of a מסוֹר in Israelite piety s. WKlassen, Judas ’96, 62–66; but Ac 1:18 the action of Judas as ἀδικία) Mt 26:25, 46, 48; Mk 14:42, 44; Lk 22:21; J 13:11; 18:2, 5. Cp. Mt 27:3, 4; J 21:20. The article w. pres. ptc. connotes the notoriety (cp. the use of traditor in Tacitus, Histories 4, 24) of Judas in early tradition. His act is appraised as betrayal Lk 6:16, s. προδότης.—τινὰ εἰς χεῖράς τινος deliver someone/someth. into someone’s hands (a Semitic construction, but paralleled in Lat., cp. Livy 26, 12, 11; Dt 1:27; Jer 33:24; Jdth 6:10; 1 Macc 4:30; 1 Esdr 1:50. Pass. Jer 39:4, 36, 43; Sir 11:6; Da 7:25, 11:11; TestJob 20:3; ParJer 2:7 τὴν πόλιν; AscIs 2:14; cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 20) Ac 21:11. Pass. Mt 17:22; 26:45; Mk 9:31; 14:41; Lk 9:44; 24:7 (NPerrin, JJeremias Festschr., ’70, 204–12); Ac 28:17. ἡ γῆ παραδοθήσεται εἰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ D 16:4b. Also ἐν χειρί τινος (Judg 7:9; 2 Esdr 9:7; cp. 2 Ch 36:17; 1 Macc 5:50; Just., D. 40, 2 ὁ τόπος τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑμῶν παραδοθήσεται) 1 Cl 55:5b.—W. indication of the goal, or of the purpose for which someone is handed over: in the inf. (Jos., Bell. 1, 655) παραδιδόναι τινά τινι φυλάσσειν αὐτόν hand someone over to someone to guard him (X., An. 4, 6, 1) Ac 12:4. W. local εἰς (OGI 669, 15 εἰς τὸ πρακτόρειόν τινας παρέδοσαν; PGiss 84 II, 18 [II A.D.] εἰς τ. φυλακήν): εἰς συνέδρια hand over to the local courts Mt 10:17; Mk 13:9. εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς καὶ φυλακάς hand someone over to the synagogues and prisons Lk 21:12. εἰς φυλακήν put in prison Ac 8:3; cp. 22:4. Also εἰς δεσμωτήριον (of a transcendent place of punishment: cp. PGM 4, 1245ff ἔξελθε, δαῖμον, … παραδίδωμί σε εἰς τὸ μέλαν χάος ἐν ταῖς ἀπωλείαις) Hs 9, 28, 7. ἑαυτοὺς εἰς δεσμά give oneself up to imprisonment 1 Cl 55:2a. W. final εἰς (cp. En 97:10 εἰς κατάραν μεγάλην παρα[δο]θήσεσθε): ἑαυτοὺς εἰς δουλείαν give oneself up to slavery 55:2b (cp. Just., D. 139, 4). εἰς τὸ σταυρωθῆναι hand over to be crucified Mt 26:2. εἰς τὸ ἐμπαῖξαι κτλ. 20:19. εἰς θλῖψιν 24:9. εἰς κρίμα θανάτου Lk 24:20. εἰς κρίσιν 2 Pt 2:4. εἰς θάνατον hand over to death (POxy 471, 107 [II A.D.]): Mt 10:21 (Unknown Sayings, 68 n. 3: by informing on the other); Mk 13:12; Hm 12, 1, 2f; pass.: ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; 2 Cor 4:11; 1 Cl 16:13 (Is 53:12); B 12:2; Hs 9, 23, 5. π. ἑαυτὸν εἰς θάνατον give oneself up to death 1 Cl 55:1; fig. hand oneself over to death Hs 6, 5, 4. εἰς θλῖψιν θανάτου παραδίδοσθαι be handed over to the affliction of death B 12:5. π. τὴν σάρκα εἰς καταφθοράν give up his flesh to corruption 5:1.—ἵνα stands for final εἰς: τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρέδωκεν ἵνα σταυρωθῇ he handed Jesus over to be crucified Mt 27:26; Mk 15:15; cp. J 19:16.—π. alone w. the mng. hand over to suffering, death, punishment, esp. in relation to Christ: κύριος παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν 1 Cl 16:7 (cp. Is 53:6).—Ro 8:32. Pass. 4:25; cp. B 16:5. π. ἑαυτὸν ὑπέρ τινος Gal 2:20 (GBerényi, Biblica 65, ’84, 490–537); Eph 5:25. παρέδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ θεῷ he gave himself to God for us as a sacrifice and an offering vs. 2.—π. τινὰ τῷ σατανᾷ εἰς ὄλεθρον τῆς σαρκός hand someone over to Satan for destruction of his physical body 1 Cor 5:5. οὓς παρέδωκα τῷ σατανᾷ, ἵνα whom I have turned over to Satan, in order that 1 Ti 1:20 (cp. INikaia I, 87, 4f of someone handed over to the gods of the netherworld for tomb violation [New Docs 4, 165]; also the exorcism PGM 5, 334ff νεκυδαίμων, … παραδίδωμί σοι τὸν δεῖνα, ὅπως … ; s. the lit. s.v. ὄλεθρος 2; also CBruston, L’abandon du pécheur à Satan: RTQR 21, 1912, 450–58; KLatte, Heiliges Recht 1920; LBrun, Segen u. Fluch im Urchr. ’32, 106ff). The angel of repentance says: ἐμοὶ παραδίδονται εἰς ἀγαθὴν παιδείαν they are turned over to me for good instruction Hs 6, 3, 6a (Demetr. Phaler. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 164 FWehrli ’49: Demosthenes παραδίδωσι ἑαυτὸν τῷ Ἀνδρονίκῳ to be initiated into dramatic art).—ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ they gave themselves over to debauchery Eph 4:19. ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τ. αἰῶνος τούτου Hs 6, 2, 3. ταῖς τρυφαῖς καὶ ἀπάταις 6, 2, 4. παρεδώκατε ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὰς ἀκηδίας Hv 3, 11, 3 (s. ἀκηδία). Of God, who punishes evil-doers: παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν he abandoned them to impurity Ro 1:24 (for the thought cp. 1QH 2:16–19. See also EKlostermann, ZNW 32, ’33, 1–6 [retribution]). εἰς πάθη ἀτιμίας to disgraceful passions vs. 26. εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν vs. 28. παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς λατρεύειν τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ Ac 7:42. God, the All-Gracious One, is the subject of the extraordinary (s. lit. διδαχή 2) expression εἰς ὸ̔ν παρεδόθητε τύπον διδαχῆς = τῷ τύπῳ δ. εἰς ὸ̔ν π. (obedient) to the form of teaching, for the learning of which you were given over i.e. by God Ro 6:17 (cp. the ins. fr. Transjordania in Nabataean times NGG Phil.-Hist. Kl. Fachgr. V n.s. I, 1, ’36, p. 3, 1 Abedrapsas thanks his paternal god: παρεδόθην εἰς μάθησιν τέχνης=‘I was apprenticed to learn a trade’. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 7, ’42, 6–8; FBeare, NTS 5, ’59, 206–10; UBorse, BZ 12, ’68, 95–103; FDanker, Gingrich Festschr., ’72, 94).

② to entrust for care or preservation, give over, commend, commit w. dat. (cp. PFlor 309, 5 σιωπῇ παραδ. ‘hand over to forgetfulness’; Just., A II, 5, 2 τὴν … τῶν ἀνθρώπων … πρόνοιαν ἀγγέλοις … παρέδωκεν ‘[God] entrusted angels with concern for humans’; Tat. 7, 3 τῇ σφῶν ἀβελτερίᾳ παρεδόθησαν ‘they were handed over to their own stupidity’) παραδίδοσθαι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ κυρίου ὑπό τινος be commended by someone to the grace of the Lord Ac 15:40. Ἀντιόχεια, ὅθεν ἦσαν παραδεδομένοι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς τὸ ἔργον Antioch, from which (city they had gone out) commended to the grace of God for the work 14:26.—παρεδίδου τῷ κρίνοντι he committed his cause to the one who judges 1 Pt 2:23.

③ to pass on to another what one knows, of oral or written tradition, hand down, pass on, transmit, relate, teach (Theognis 1, 28f passes on what he himself learned as παῖς, ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν; Pla., Phil. 16c, Ep. 12, 359d μῦθον; Demosth. 23, 65; Polyb. 7, 1, 1; 10, 28, 3; Diod S 12, 13, 2 π. τινί τι pass on someth. to future generations εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα; Plut., Nic. 524 [1, 5]; Herm. Wr. 13, 15; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 60 τὴν κατὰ νόμους παραδεδομένην εὐσέβειαν; PMagd 33, 5 of a report to the police concerning the facts in a case; Just.; A I, 54, 1 τὰ μυθοποιηθέντα) Lk 1:2. παραδόσεις Mk 7:13 (of the tradition of the Pharisees, as Jos., Ant. 13, 297; cp. the rabbinic term מָסַר); 1 Cor 11:2. ἔθη Ac 6:14. ὁ ἡμῖν παραδοθεὶς λόγος the teaching handed down to us Pol 7:2 (Just., D. 53, 6). ἡ παραδοθεῖσα αὐτοῖς ἁγία ἐντολή 2 Pt 2:21 (ApcMos 23 τὴν ἐντολήν μου ἣν παρέδωκά σοι). ἡ παραδοθεῖσα τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστις Jd 3. τὰ παραδοθέντα (Philo, Fuga 200) Dg 11:1. παρεδίδοσαν αὐτοῖς φυλάσσειν τὰ δόγματα they handed down to them the decisions to observe Ac 16:4.—(In contrast to παραλαμβάνειν [the same contrast in Diod S 1, 91, 4; 3, 65, 6; 5, 2, 3; PHerm 119 III, 22; BGU 1018, 24; PThéad 8, 25]) pass on 1 Cor 11:23a; 15:3; AcPlCor 2:4; EpilMosq 2. W. a connotation of wonder and mystery (of mysteries and ceremonies: Theon Smyrn., Expos. Rer. Math. p. 14 Hiller τελετὰς παραδιδόναι; Diod S 5, 48, 4 μυστηρίων τελετὴ παραδοθεῖσα; Strabo 10, 3, 7; Wsd 14:15 μυστήρια καὶ τελετάς. ParJer 9:29 τὰ μυστήρια … τῷ Βαρούχ; Just., D. 70, 1 τὰ τοῦ Μίθρου μυστήρια παραδιδόντες; cp. 78, 6. Cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 1 παλιγγενεσίαν; PGM 4, 475) πάντα (πᾶς 1dβ) μοι παρεδόθη ὑπὸ τ. πατρός μου Mt 11:27; Lk 10:22 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32 πάτερ … παρέδωκας αὐτῷ [ὁ σὸς ἄνθρωπος is meant] τὴν πᾶσαν ἐξουσίαν; in Vett. Val. 221, 23 astrology is ὑπὸ θεοῦ παραδεδομένη τ. ἀνθρώποις.—For lit. on the saying of Jesus s. under υἱός 2dβ).—S. παράδοσις, end.

④ to make it possible for someth. to happen, allow, permit (Hdt. 5, 67; 7, 18 [subj. ὁ θεός]; X., An. 6, 6, 34 [οἱ θεοί]; Isocr. 5, 118 [οἱ καιροί]; Polyb. 22, 24, 9 τῆς ὥρας παραδιδούσης) ὅταν παραδοῖ ὁ καρπός when the (condition of the) crop permits Mk 4:29.—On the whole word: WPopkes, Christus Traditus, ’67.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

σύμβολον, τό,

A tally, i.e. each of two halves or corresponding pieces of an ἀστράγαλος or other object, which two ξένοι, or any two contracting parties, broke between them, each party keeping one piece, in order to have proof of the identity of the presenter of the other,

ἀποδεικνύντες τὰ σ. ἀπαίτεον τὰ χρήματα Hdt.6.86

.

β; ξένοις τε πέμψω σύμβολ', οἳ δράσουσί σ' εὖ E.Med. 613

(cf. Sch.); διαπεπρισμένα ἡμίσε' ἀκριβῶς ὡσπερεὶ τὰ ς. Eub.70; ὡς σ. ὀρέγεται ἀλλήλων [τὰ ἐναντία] Arist.EE 1239b31; ζητεῖ.. τὸ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστος ς. Pl.Smp. 191d;

καθάπερ ἐκ συμβόλων Arist.Mete. 360a26

, cf. GA 722b11, Pol. 1294a35; ἔχειν σύμβολα πρὸς ἄλληλα complementary factors, Id.GC 331a24; ποιησάσθω σύμβολα ἡ βουλὴ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν Σιδωνίων, ὅπως ἂν ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων εἰδῇ, ἐάν τι πέμπῃ κτλ. IG22.141.19.

b of other devices having the same purpose, e.g. a seal-impression on wax, Plaut. Pseud. 55 (hence ς. = signet-ring, Plin.HN33.10); an extant bronze hand is inscribed

σ. πρὸς Οὐελαυνίους IG14.2432

([place name] Gaul), cf. 279 (Lilybaeum, ii B.C., where the word does not occur).

2 any token serving as proof of identity,

ἔλαβε σ. παρὰ βασιλέως τοῦ μεγάλου φιάλην χρυσῆν Lys.19.25

; πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν.. εὐπορήσειν διὰ τὸ ς. ibid.; ὡς ἔγνω.. τὰ παρὰ τῆς γυναικὸς ς. X.Cyr.6.1.46; τὰ μητρὸς ς. E. Ion 1386, cf. Hel. 291, El. 577, Com.Adesp.17.16 D., D.S.4.59, Plu.Thes.6; ἰδοὺ τὰ ς. here are my credentials, Arr.Epict.1.16.11, cf. 3.22.99, 4.8.20; ἔχοντες σ. σαφὲς λύπης bearing clear credentials (consisting) of (a common) grief, S.Ph. 403, cf. Aristid.1.416 J.

3 guarantee,

σ. τῆς παιδεύσεως πιστότατον Isoc.4.49

;

σ. ὅτι παρ' ἐμοῦ [ἡ ἐπιστολή] ἐστι Pl.Ep. 360a

, cf. 363b;

σ. τῆς σωτηρίας D.15.4

;

σ. τοῦ συμφέροντος εἰς τὸ μὴ βλάπτειν ἀλλήλους Epicur.Sent.31

.

4 token, esp. of goodwill,

χρυσίον σ. φιλίας καὶ ξενίας Plu.Pyrrh.20

, cf. Art.18;

χρυσοῦν στέφανον ἔλαβον σ. περιέχοντα τῆς ὑμετέρας πρός με εὐσεβείας PLond.3.1178.13

(ii A.D.).

5 identity- token given to Athenian dicasts on entering the courts, entitling them to vote, and on presenting which they received another ς., in exchange for which they received their fee, Ar.Pl. 278, D.18.210, Arist.Ath.65.2, 68.2, Poll.8.16; also in the ecclesia, Ar.Ec. 297 (lyr.); διάδοσις τῶν ς. IG2.1749.76: extant theatre-tokens (without the word ς.) in IG5(2).323 (Mantinea, iv B.C.).

6 at Rome, = tessera, token entitling the bearer to a donation of corn or money, D.C.49.43.

II of written documents,

1 passport or the seal thereon, Ar.Av. 1214 (cf. Sch.); ἐκπλεῖν μηδένα ἀστῶν μηδὲ μέτοικον ἄνευ ς. Aen.Tact.10.8: metaph., Arr.Epict.3.12.15.

2 passenger-list, ἐμοῦ [τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ] τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀπαριθμοῦντος τῷ Αἰακῷ κἀκείνου λογιζομένου αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὸ.. πεμφθὲν αὐτῷ ς. Luc.Cat.4.

3 pl., treaty between two states providing for the security of one another's citizens and sts. for the settlement of commercial and other disputes (usu. in the law-courts of the defendant's city (cf. Harp. s.v.));

εἰσὶ.. αὐτοῖς συνθῆκαι περὶ τῶν εἰσαγωγίμων καὶ σ. περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἀδικεῖν Arist.Pol. 1280a39

;

σ. ποιήσασθαι πρὸς πόλιν D.7.11

, cf. And.4.18;

τὰ σ. συγχέων D.21.173

; ἀπὸ συμβόλων δικάζεσθαι, κοινωνεῖν, Antipho 5.78, Arist.Pol. 1275a10;

αἱ ἀπὸ συμβόλων δίκαι Id.Ath.59.6

; cf.

συμβολή 111

: sg. in same sense, Foed. Delph.Pell.1 A 7 (also written συββ- ib. 1 B 10, al.);

ἡ κατὰ τὸ σ. δικαιοδοσία πρός τινα Plb.23.1.2

, cf. 32.7.3; κατὰ τὸ ς. IG12(7).67.48 (Arcesine, iv/iii B.C.), 9(1).331.5 (Chaleion, ii B.C.); κατὰ τὸ δοχθὲν κοινᾷ ς. GDI5040.70 ([place name] Crete).

4 contract between individuals, PCair.Zen.724.7,13, 790.2 (iii B.C.), PTeb.5.212 (ii B.C.), 52.10 (ii B.C.); αἰσχρὰ κακοῖς ἔργοις σ. θηκάμενοι forming disgraceful compacts (sealed) by evil deeds, Thgn.1150;

τὰ τῷ Καίσαρι πεπραγμένα κυροῦν συμβόλῳ App.BC2.132

.

5 receipt, sts. made out in duplicate,

σ. διπλᾶ ἐσφραγισμένα PSI4.324.4

(iii B.C.), cf. PRev.Laws52.19 (iii B.C.), UPZ25.25, 26.16 (ii B.C.);

τὸ σ. τῆς ἀποχῆς PCair.Zen. 144.2

(iii B.C.);

σ. ἀποχῆς PEnteux.73.4

(iii B.C.);

σύμβολον ποιήσασθαι πρὸς αὐτόν PLille 4.18

(iii B.C.), cf. PHib.1.67.16 (iii B.C.);

σ. καὶ ἀντισύμβολα BGU1741.10

(i B.C.); receipt for a pledged article, PCair. Zen.120.3 (iii B.C.).

b fee for making out a receipt, PRyl.192.10 (ii A.D.), BGU1605.13 (ii A.D.), etc.

6 unilateral undertaking in writing, guarantee, PPetr.3p.164 (iii B.C.), PMich.Zen.57.4 (iii B.C.), UPZ 112 ii 1 (ii B.C.).

7 warrant entitling the holder to draw allowances over a period,

τοῦ κθ ἔτους τὸ σ. τοῦ ὀψωνίου καὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς σύνταξον γράψαι PSI5.504.8

(iii B.C.); σ. σιτικὰ καὶ ἀργυρικά (bequeathed) PGrenf.1.21.16 (ii B.C.); σφράγισαι τὸ ς. PCair.Zen.375.11 (iii B.C.), cf. PSI4.349.2,7 (iii B.C.), UPZ14.89 (ii B.C.);

τὰ σ. τῶν σιταρχιῶν BGU1755.5

(i B.C.).

8 warrant or commission from the Emperor, by which officers held their posts, Cod.Just.1.5.12.1, 11; σ. τριβούνου ib.12.33.8 Intr.

III more generally, token, φυλάσσω λαμπάδος τὸ ς. the beacon- token, A.Ag.8; τέκμαρ τοιοῦτο σ. τέ σοι λέγω ib. 315; μανθάνω τὸ ς. E.Or. 1130, cf.Rh. 220; clue, S.OT 221; χειμῶνος ς. a sign of an approaching storm, Anaxag. 19, Sch.Arat.832;

νόμισμα σ. τῆς ἀλλαγῆς ἕνεκα γενήσεται Pl.R. 371b

;

ἔστι τὰ ἐν τῇ φωνῇ τῶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ παθημάτων σ., καὶ τὰ γραφόμενα τῶν ἐν τῇ φωνῇ Arist.Int. 16a4

, cf. 24b2, Sens. 437a15; τὰ τεχνητὰ τῶν ς. Plu.Per.6; νίκης σ. Ἰσθμιάδος, of the celery-wreath, Call.Fr. 103; τὰ τῶν στρατοπέδων ς. legionary standards, Hdn.4.7.7; insignia of deities, D.H.8.38;

τῆς βασιλείας Plu.

Comp.Cim. Luc.3; εἰράνας σ. καὶ πολέμον, of a trumpet, AP6.151 (Tymn.).

2 omen, portent, Archil.44, A.Ag. 144 (lyr.);

σ. δ' οὔ πώ τις ἐπιχθονίων πιστὸν ἀμφὶ πράξιος ἐσσομένας εὗρεν θεόθεν Pi.O.12.7

(cf. Sch.); οἱ διὰ συμβόλων.. προλέγοντες distd. from other kinds of μάντεις, Gal. 15.442;

περὶ οἰωνῶν καὶ σ. καὶ διοσημιῶν Iamb.VP13.62

;= auspicium, Gloss.; ἐν τοῖς λικμητηρίοις γεννώμενα τὰ βρέφη ἐτίθεσαν εἰς σ. εὐτροφίας Sch.Arat.268.

3 Medic., symptom, Gal.19.217, Aret.CD1.4, al.

4 prearranged signal,

ἐπιχειρήσεως Plu.Rom.14

; watchword, E.Rh. 573.

5 secret code,

τὰ μυστικὰ σ. τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον ὀργιασμῶν, ἃ σύνισμεν ἀλλήλοις οἱ κοινωνοῦντες Plu.2.611d

, cf. Orph.Fr.31.23; consisting of a signum and a responsum, Firm. De Errore 18; τὰ σ. [Πυθαγόρου] Arist.Fr. 197, Plu.2.727c; περὶ Πυθαγορικῶν ς., title of a work by Androcydes, Iamb.VP28.145; secret sign, γράψαι τι σ. ἐν πίνακι,.. μαθεῖν τὸν θέντα τὸ ς. ib.33.238, cf. 23.103, 32.227, Luc.Laps.5; allegory, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.256, 257, Demetr. Eloc. 243;

διὰ συμβόλων μηνύειν Ph.2.559

, cf. 1.681, al., Dam.Pr. 210.

6 religious creed, τὸ ἅγιον μάθημα ἤτοι ς. Cod.Just.1.1.7.11, cf. 13.

IV pl., standard weights, IG22.1013.8.

V a small coin, perh. a half-obol, shaped D, Hermipp.61, Ar.Fr.44, Archipp. 8: hence σύμβολον κεκαρμένος with half the head shaved, Hermipp.14.

δοῦλος, η, ον (s. next entry; Soph. et al.; PGiss 3, 5 ᾧ πάντα δοῦλα; Ps 118:91; Wsd 15:7; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 156; Ar. [Milne, 76, 49]; SibOr 3, 567) pert. to being under someone’s total control, slavish, servile, subject τὰ μέλη δ. τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ the members enslaved to impurity Ro 6:19; τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ibid.—Subst. τὰ δοῦλα things subservient PtK 2 (s. ὕπαρξις 1).—DELG. TW.

δοῦλος, ου, ὁ (Trag., Hdt.et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr)

① male slave as an entity in a socioeconomic context, slave (‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times [s. OED s.v. servant, 3a and b]; in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished [Goodsp., Probs., 77–79]). Opp. ἐλεύθερος 1 Cor 7:21. Lit., in contrast

ⓐ to a master (Did., Gen. 66, 25): Mt 8:9; 10:24f; cp. J 13:16; 15:20.—Mt 13:27f; 21:34ff; 24:45f, 48, 50; 25:14, 19, 21, 23, 26, 30; cp. Lk 19:13, 15, 17, 22.—Mt 26:51; cp. Mk 14:47; Lk 22:50; J 18:10, 26 (on δοῦλος of the ἀρχιερεύς s. Jos., Ant. 20, 181).—Mk 12:2, 4; 13:34; Lk 7:2f, 8, 10; 12:37, 43, 45ff; 17:7, 9f; J 4:51; Col 4:1 (Billerb. IV 698–744: D. altjüd. Sklavenwesen; SZucrow, Women, Slaves, etc. in Rabb. Lit. ’32; JJeremias, Jerusalem IIb ’37, 184–88; 217–24).—οἱ δ. και οἱ ὑπηρέται J 18:18.—Of slaves sent out with invitations Mt 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; par. Lk 14:17, 21ff; of one who could not pay his debt Mt 18:23, 26ff (but s. 2bα on these pass. fr. Mt). Opp. δεσπότης (as Diod S 15, 8, 2f ὡς δοῦλος δεσπότῃ; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 5) 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:9; οἱ δ. in direct address Eph 6:5; Col 3:22.—For lit. on Christianity and slavery (Ath. 35, 1 δ. εἰσιν ἡμῖν ‘we have slaves’ [who can attest our innocence of the charges]) s. on χράομαι la.—Christ, the heavenly κύριος, appears on earth in μορφὴ δούλου the form of a slave (anticipating vs. 8 w. its ref. to crucifixion, a fate reserved for condemned slaves; for the contrast cp. Lucian, Catapl. 13 δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ πάλαι βασιλέως) Phil 2:7 (lit. on κενόω 1b); cp. Hs 5, 2ff (on this MDibelius, Hdb. 564f).—On Ac 2:18 s. under 2bβ.

ⓑ to a free pers. (opp. ἐλεύθερος: Pla., Gorg. 57 p. 502d; Dio Chrys. 9 [10], 4; SIG 521, 7 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 16, 126; Just., D. 139, 5) 1 Cor 7:21f (cp. the trimeter: Trag. Fgm. Adesp. 304 N., quot. fr. M. Ant. 11, 30 and Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 48, δοῦλος πέφυκας, οὐ μέτεστί σοι λόγου=you are a slave, with no share in discussions); 12:13; Gal 3:28; 4:1; Eph 6:8; Col 3:11; Rv 6:15; 13:16; 19:18; IRo 4:3. W. παιδίσκη D 4:10.—House slave in contrast to a son J 8:35; Gal 4:7.

ⓒ in contrast to being a fellow Christian οὐκέτι ὡς δοῦλον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὲρ δοῦλον, ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν Phlm 16.

② one who is solely committed to another, slave, subject; ext. of mng. 1. Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13 express the ancient perspective out of which such extended usage develops: slaves are duty-bound only to their owners or masters, or those to whom total allegiance is pledged.

ⓐ in a pejorative sense δ. ἀνθρώπων slaves to humans 1 Cor 7:23. παριστάναι ἑαυτόν τινι δοῦλον Ro 6:16. δ. τῆς ἁμαρτίας slave of sin J 8:34; Ro 6:17, 20. τῆς φθορᾶς of destruction 2 Pt 2:19 (cp. Eur., Hec. 865 and Plut., Pelop. 279 [3, 1] χρημάτων; Thu. 3, 38, 5; Dio Chrys. 4, 60 τ. δόξης; Athen. 12, 531c τῶν ἡδονῶν; 542d; Aelian, VH 2, 41 τοῦ πίνειν; Achilles Tat. 6, 19, 4 τ. ἐπιθυμίας).

ⓑ in a positive sense

α. in relation to a superior human being (here the perspective is Oriental and not Hellenic). Of humble service (opp. πρῶτος) Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44. According to oriental usage, of a king’s officials (cp. SIG 22, 4; IMagnMai 115, 4; 1 Km 29:3; 4 Km 5:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 70) ministers Mt 18:23, 26ff (s. Spicq, I 383, n. 14 [Lexique 394, n. 4]); cp. the slaves sent out with invitations 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; Lk 14:17, 21ff (but s. 1a above).

β. esp. of the relationship of humans to God (with roots in both OT and Hellenic thought; s. δουλεύω 2aβ) δ. τοῦ θεοῦ slave of God=subject to God, owned body and soul (Eur., Ion 309 τοῦ θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; Cass. Dio 63, 5, 2; CFossey, Inscr. de Syrie: BCH 21, 1897, p. 60 [Lucius calls himself the δοῦλος of the θεὰ Συρία]; PGM 12, 71 δ. τοῦ ὑψ. θεοῦ; 13, 637ff δοῦλός εἰμι σὸς … Σάραπι; 59, 2; 4; LXX; ParJer 6:17 [Baruch]; ApcSed 16:7 p. 137, 15; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 7 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 90; 101): of Moses (4 Km 18:12; 2 Esdr 19:14; Ps 104:26; Jos., Ant. 5, 39) Rv 15:3. Of recipients of gifts from God’s spirit Ac 2:18 (Jo 3:2). Of Christian prophets Rv 10:7; 11:18 (prophets are also called slaves of God in the OT Jer 25:4; Am 3:7; Da 9:6, 10 Theod.). Of the apostles Ac 4:29; 16:17 (δ. τοῦ θεοῦ τ. ὑψίστου as Da 3:93 Theod.); Tit 1:1; AcPl Ha 6, 35; Christ as master (cp. oriental usage, of a king’s official minister, and the interpretation of δ. in such sense [s. 2bα]) puts his slaves, the apostles, at the disposal of the Corinthians 2 Cor 4:5. Of God-fearing people gener. (Ps 33:23; 68:37 al.) Rv 1:1; Lk 2:29; 1 Pt 2:16; Rv 2:20; 7:3; 19:2, 5; 22:3, 6; 1 Cl 60:2; 2 Cl 20:1; Hv 1, 2, 4; 4, 1, 3; m 3:4 al. The one who is praying refers to himself as your (God’s) slave (cp. Ps 26:9; Ch 6:23; Da 3:33, 44) Lk 2:29; Ac 4:29 (FDölger, ΙΧΘΥΣ I 1910, 195ff).—In the same vein, of one’s relation to Christ δ. Χριστοῦ, self-designation of Paul (on the imagery s. Straub 37; DMartin, Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity ’90) Ro 1:1; Gal 1:10; Phil 1:1; cp. Col 4:12; 2 Ti 2:24; Js 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1; Jd 1; Rv 1:1; 22:3; 1 Cor 7:22; Eph 6:6.—On δοῦλοι and φίλοι of Christ (for this contrast s. Philo, Migr. Abr. 45, Sobr. 55; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 85ff) J 15:15, s. φίλος 2aα.—Dssm., LO 271ff [LAE 323ff]; GSass, δ. bei Pls: ZNW 40, ’41, 24–32; LReilly, Slaves in Ancient Greece (manumission ins) ’78; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, s. 11–67 on ancient slavery; KBradley, Slavery and Society at Rome ’94; also lit. on χράομαι 1a.—JVogt/HBellen, eds., Bibliographie zur antiken Sklaverei, rev. ed. EHermann/NBrockmeyer ’83 (lists over 5000 books and articles); JCMiller, Slavery and Slaving in World History, A Bibliography 1990–91 ’93 (lit. p. 196–225).—B. 1332. Schmidt, Syn. IV 124–29 s. δεσπότη. New Docs 2, 52–54. DELG. SEG XLII, 1837 (ins reff.). M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀρέσκω impf. ἤρεσκον; fut. ἀρέσω; 1 aor. ἤρεσα. Mid. impf. ἠρέσκετο (Tat. 2, 1) (s. ἀρεσκεία; Hom.+). In Gk. lit. ἀ. is used in a variety of senses ranging from conciliatory action (s. Od. 22, 55, of satisfaction pledged to Odysseus) to undertaking of civic responsibility that meets with public approval (s. 2 below). Most oft. w. dat. of pers.

① to act in a fawning manner, win favor, please, flatter, w. focus on the winning of approval (Aristot., EN 2, 7, 13; 4, 6, 1; Theophr., Char. 5 [e.g. in a dispute the flatterer endeavors to please friend and foe alike; and he will tell foreigners that they speak with greater sense of justice than do his fellow citizens]. That the original sense of basic civility in human relations [s. 2a below] suffered debasement is affirmed by Anaxandrides Com., cited Athen. 6, 255b: τὸ γαρ κολακεύειν νῦν ἀρέσκειν ὄνομʼ ἔχει ‘flattery’ is now called ‘being accommodating’; s. ἀνθρωπαρεσκέω, ἀνθρωπάρεσκος) ἀνθρώποις (Pla., Ep. 4, 321b; Simplicius in Epict. p. 118, 30 ἀρέσκειν ἀνθρώποις βουλόμενος) Gal 1:10ab (conative impf.); 1 Th 2:4 here in both a neg. and a positive sense: ‘flattering’ humans, but ‘pleasing’ God (in the sense of 2 below), who tests (δοκιμάζω) for motivation.

② to give pleasure/satisfaction, please, accommodate.

ⓐ a favored term in the reciprocity-conscious Mediterranean world, and frequently used in honorary documents to express interest in accommodating others by meeting their needs or carrying out important obligations. Oft. almost serve Nägeli 40. The use of the term in a good sense in our lit. contributes a tone of special worth and diginity to some of the relationships that are depicted. τινί someone τῷ πλησίον Ro 15:2 (w. τὸ ἀγαθόν and οἰκοδομή as decisive semantic components); cp. Hs 5, 2, 7 a servant doing good work. Lord/God ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32; 1 Th 4:1; inability to do so Ro 8:8; cp. 1 Th 2:15; rather than humans 1 Th 2:4 (s. 1 above); IRo 2:1 (note the semantic problem cited 1 above). God/Lord as commander (military imagery) IPol 6:2; cp. 2 Ti 2:4.—Concern for a broad public is a common theme in honorary documents (e.g. OGI 339, 29f; s. Danker, Benefactor 336f) and other lit. (cp. Demosth., Ep. 3, 27 πᾶσιν ἀ.; Ath. 26:1 τοῖς πολλοῖς ἀρέσκοντες θεοί) πάντα πᾶσιν ἀ. in everything I endeavor to please all, i.e. without deference to one at the expense of another, 1 Cor 10:33 (w. σύμφορον, q.v., along w. συμφέρω, for cultural significance); sim. κατὰ πάντα τρόπον πᾶσιν ἀ. ITr 2:3. (Cp. the negative appraisal 1 Th 2:15.)—Sacrifice of self-interest is a major component of the foregoing theme, hence the caution μὴ ἑαυτῷ ἀ. Ro 15:1, and the exhibition of Jesus as role model vs. 3; cp. 2 Cl 13:1 (w. ἀνθρωπάρεσκος s. 1 above); Hs 9, 22, 1; in a marriage relationship, wife or husband ἀ. τ. γυναικί 1 Cor 7:33; ἀ. τ. ἄνδρι vs. 34.

ⓑ of pleasure (without any suggestion of mere amusement) as a condition generated by an action (cp. POxy 1153, 25 ἐὰν αὐτῷ ἀρέσκῃ; PGiss 20, 15). A fine line cannot always be drawn between a focus on endeavor to please and focus on the impact of pleasure produced by the activity. Some of the pass. cited in 2a may equally belong here and some of those included here could be cited above. But the gener. sense in those that follow is satisfaction produced by the behavior of another please God ἀ. θεῷ (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 344 Jac. τ. θεοῖς ἀ. here the concern is to meet divine expectations; Num 23:27; Ps 68:32; Mal 3:4; Jos., Ant. 6, 164; 13, 289) Ro 8:8; 1 Th 2:15; cp. Hs 5, 2, 7; ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32 (on these four last pass. s. also a above); 1 Cl 52, 2 (Ps 68, 32); wife/husband 1 Cor 7:33f (s. a above); 2 Ti 2:4; Herod Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22. W. focus on someth. that provides pleasure (Ael. Aristid. 46, 380 D.: θεοῖς ἀρέσκοντα) Hv 1, 4, 2; Hs 5, 6, 6. ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐνώπιον (for בְּעֵינֵי or לִפְנֵי) τοῦ πλήθους (= τῷ πλήθει) the saying pleased the whole group (cp. 2 Ch 30:4; 1 Macc 6:60; 8:21; Jos., Vi. 238) Ac 6:5 (B-D-F §4, p. 4, 5; 187, 2; 214, 6).—Salome, daughter of Herodias, pleases Herod and his company, and in keeping w. Mediterranean reciprocity system receives her award, in this instance a grisly one Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22.—Implied, i.e. impers. (Philo, Aet. M. 87; Jos., Ant. 14, 205; 207) ἀρέσκει μοι it pleases me (=mihi placet) w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 8, 19; Josh 24:15; 1 Macc 14:23; 15:19; Jos., Ant. 14, 352) Hm 6, 1, 5.—B. 1099. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐγγῠάω, [tense] impf. ἠγγύων ( παρ-) S.OC94, E.Supp. 700, X.An.4.1.17, etc.: [tense] aor.

A

ἠγγύησα E.IA 703

, D.29.47, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἠγγύηκα D.C.38.9

: [tense] plpf.

ἠγγύηκει Is.3.58

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. - ήσομαι D.24.46: [tense] aor.

ἠγγυησάμην And. 1.44

,73, D.22.53:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. ἠγγυήθην (ἐξ-, κατ-) Lys.23.11, D.59.49: [tense] pf. ἠγγύημαι (δι-) Th.3.70:—also treated as a compd.,

ἐνεγυησάμεθα PEleph. 27.9

(iii B. C.), and freq. in codd.: [tense] impf.

ἐνεγύων Is.3.45

, D.41.16;

ἐνεγύησα Is.3.36

,70: [tense] pf. ἐγγεγύηκα ib.40, D. 59.53: [tense] impf. [voice] Pass.

ἐνεγυᾶτο Is.3.70

: [tense] pf.

ἐγγεγύημαι D.33.24

, POxy. 259.7 (i A.D.): [tense] plpf.

ἐνεγεγύητο Is.3.55

: but these forms are incorrect: ([etym.] ἐγγύη):— give or hand over as a pledge:—[voice] Med., have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety,

δειλαί τοι δειλῶν γε καὶ ἐγγύαι ἐγγυάασθαι Od.8.351

(nowhere else in Hom.).

2 esp. of a father, plight, betroth,

θυγατέρα ἐγγυᾶν τινι Hdt.6.57

(v. infr.); Ζεὺς ἠγγύησε καὶ δίδως' E.IA 703:—[voice] Med., have a woman plighted or betrothed toone, c. acc., D.57.41:—[voice] Act. and [voice] Med. opposed, Hdt.6.130:—[voice] Pass., of the man, to be betrothed,

θυγατρί τινος Pl.Lg. 923d

.

II [voice] Med., pledge oneself, give security,

ἐγγύας ἐγγυησάμενοι πρὸς τὸ δημόσιον And.1.73

, cf. Pl.Lg. 953e;

ἐπί τισι Lys.23.9

;

ἐ. τινὶ ὅτι.. Pl.Euthd. 274b

.

2 c. acc. et inf. [tense] fut., promise or engage that.., Pi.O.11(10).16, Ar.Pl. 1202, X.An.7.4.13, Pl.Prt. 336d, etc.;

ἐγγυᾶσθαί [τινα] καὶ ὁμολογεῖν παρέξειν Lys.13.23

;

ἐγγυωμένη δώσειν Babr.58.10

.

3 c.acc. rei, answer for,

ἐγγυᾶσθαι τὰ μέλλοντ' ἔσεσθαι D.18.191

: c.acc. pers., Pl.Lg. 855b; ἐγγυᾶσθαί τινά τινι give surety for him to another, D.33.28;

ἐγγύην ἐγγυᾶσθαί τινα πρός τινα Pl.Phd. 115d

; ἐ. τὰ μετέωρα give guarantees without security, SIG364.46 (Ephesus, iii B.C.).

προπίνω [ῑ], [tense] impf. προὔπῑνον: [tense] fut. προπίομαι: [tense] aor. προὔπῐον: [tense] pf. προπέπωκα:—

A drink before or first, opp. μεταπίνω, Hp.Acut.56 ([voice] Pass.), Thphr.Od.48 ([voice] Pass.), Luc.Sat.18, Ath.4.156e.

2 take a snack before dinner, Mart.5.78.3.

3 drink up, drain dry,

ὅκως ἄμυστιν προπίω Anacr.63.3

: metaph., ψυχὰν τὰν ἐν ἐμοὶ π. drink it in, AP5.170 (Mel.):—[voice] Pass.,

ἡ προποθεῖσα κύλιξ Call.Epigr.37

.

II drink to another, i.e. to his health, pledge him (cf. Ath.5.193a, 10.432d),

φιάλαν.. δωρήσεται.. γαμβρῷ π. Pi.O.7.4

;

ᾧ προπιεῖν ἐθέλει Critias Fr.6.8

D., cf. 33 D.;

π. σοι X.An.7.3.26

; also

π. φιλοτησίας τινί D.

19.128, cf. Alex.291;

προπινομένη ποίησις Dionys.Eleg.1

.

2 make a present of the cup to the person pledged, [

ἔκπωμα χρυσοῦν] σοι μεστὸν ἀκράτου προπίομαι Plu.Alex.39

;

τὰ ἐκπώματα.. ἐμπιμπλὰς προὔπινε καὶ ἐδωρεῖτο X.Cyr.8.3.35

, cf. Sch.Pi.l.c.: hence,

3 simply, give freely, make a present of, Anacr.66;

ἄλλα τε πολλὰ.., καὶ ἐκπώματ' ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ προὔπινεν αὐτοῖς D.19.139

; π. τὴν ἐλευθερίαν Φιλίππῳ make liberty a drinking-present to Philip, give it carelessly to him, Id.18.296; sacrifice one's friends, A.Fr. 131 (anap.), E.Rh. 405, PLond.3.887.5 (iii B.C.);

τούτῳ προέπιεν ὁ βασιλεὺς κώμην τινά Steph.Com.1.1

;

π. αὐτοῖς τὰς πατρίδας Plu.Arat. 14

;

αὐτῇ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι μυριάδας ἀργυρίου Id.Galb.17

;

π. σοὶ ἄνδρα Ἕλληνα Philostr.VA3.28

: c. gen. pretii, προπέποται τῆς παραυτίχ' ἡδονῆς καὶ χάριτος τὰ τῆς πόλεως πράγματα the interests of the state have been sacrificed for mere present pleasure, D.3.22, cf. App.BC2.143 (v.l.).

σφρᾱγ-ίζω, [dialect] Ion. [full] σφρηγίζω,

A close or enclose with a seal, σφραγίζεις λύεις τ' ὀπίσω.. πεύκην ( = δέλτον) E.IA38 (anap.);

ταβέλλας PHamb. 29.23

(i A.D.);

τὸ σιτάριον BGU249.21

(i A.D.):—[voice] Med.,

τὸν θησαυρόν PAmh.2.41.7

(ii B.C.);

μόνη δὲ κλῇθρ' ἐγὼ σφραγίζομαι E.Fr.781.10

;

- ισάμενος τὸν ναὸν ἐκέλευσε σφραγίσαι τῷ τοῦ βασιλέως δακτυλίῳ LXX Bel.14

; [

τὸ ταμιεῖον] -ισάμενος εἴσω τὸν δακτύλιον διὰ τῆς ὀπῆς ἐρρίπτει D.L.4.59

; δεῖγμα σφραγισάσθω let him seal up with his seal a sample (of the corn), PHib.1.39.15 (iii B.C.):—[voice] Pass.,

ἐν ᾧ [δώματι] κεραυνός ἐστιν ἐσφραγισμένος A.Eu. 828

;

ἐσφράγισται ἐν τοῖς θησαυροῖς μου LXX De.32.34

; οὐ δύναμαι ἀναγνῶναι [τὸ βιβλίον]· ἐσφράγισται γάρ ib.Is.29.11;

θυλάκιον ἐσφραγισμένον PCair.Zen.69.6

(iii B.C.);

ἐσφραγίσθη γῇ λευκῇ POxy.929.13

(ii/iii A.D.).

2 authenticate a document with a seal, IG9(1).61.78,95 (Daulis, ii B.C.):—[voice] Med., ib. 61.41; ἵνα μὴ κυριεύσας (sc. τῆς σφραγῖδος)

κοινὴν ἐπιστολὴν κατὰ πάντων γράψας σφραγίσηται αὐτῇ τῇ σφραγῖδι PHib.1.72.19

(iii B.C.);

ἐξαποστεῖλαι εἰς Ῥόδον τοῦδε τοῦ ψηφίσματος ἀντίγραφον, σφραγισαμένους τῇ δημοσίᾳ σφραγῖδι IG12(5).833.14

(Tenos, ii B.C.), cf. 835.31, al., 11(4).1065b28 (Delos(?), ii B.C.);

τὸ βιβλίον τῆς κτήσεως τὸ ἐσφραγισμένον LXX Je.39(32).11

;

τὴν παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως διὰ τῆς θυρίδος ἐσφραγισμένην.. < ἔντευξιν> UPZ53.5

(ii B.C.).

3 certify an object after examination by attaching a seal (cf. Hdt.2.38),

μέτροις.. ἐξητασμένοις καὶ ἐσφραγισμένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκονόμου PRev.Laws 25.10

(iii B.C.); ἐπεθεώρησα μόσχον ἕνα.. καὶ δοκιμάσας ἐσφράγισα ὡς ἔστιν καθαρός Wilcken Chr.89.5 (ii A.D.); cf.

σφραγίς 11.1

.

4 [voice] Med., seal an article to show that it is pledged, ἐγγύην ς. Plu.Pomp. 5, Arr.Epict.2.13.7: abs., make an impression with a seal for any purpose,

καθάπερ οἱ σφραγιζόμενοι τοῖς δακτυλίοις Arist.Mem. 450a32

.

II metaph. senses:

1 close up as if with a seal, in [voice] Pass., ἐσφραγισμένην ἀκριβῶς οὐλήν a fully closed cicatrix, Gal.12.215:— [voice] Med., οὓς.. ἀφθόγγων στομάτων σφρηγίσσατο δεσμῷ, i.e. made them mute, Nonn.D.26.261.

2 accredit as an envoy, etc., τινα Ev.Jo. 6.27:—[voice] Med.,

ὁ χρίσας ἡμᾶς θεός, καὶ -ισάμενος ἡμᾶς 2 Ep.Cor.1.22

.

3 set a seal of approval upon, confirm, AP9.236 (Loll.);

σ. ὅτι.. Ev.Jo.3.33

:—freq. in [voice] Med.,

σ. ποιητικαῖς φωναῖς S.E.M.1.271

; σ. αὐτοῖς τὸν καρπόν assure them of it, Ep.Rom.15.28.

4 generally, mark, ψάμμος.. νῶτον οὐκ ἐσφράγισεν the sand never marked his back, i.e. he never fell in the sand, APl.3.25 (Phil.); δεινοῖς.. σημάντροισιν ἐσφραγισμένοι, of wounded persons, E.IT 1372; σφραγιζομένη γελασίνοις marked with dimples, AP5.34 (Rufin.);

καμήλους ἐσφραγισμένας εἰς τὸν δεξιὸν μηρὸν νῦ καὶ ἦτα BGU87.12

,26 (ii A.D.).

5 set an end or limit to,

σφραγίσαι ἁμαρτίας Thd.Da. 9.24

(

σπανίσαι LXX

):—[voice] Med.,

Ῥώμην ἀνερχομένῳ σφράγισαι ἠελίῳ AP 9.297

(Antip.); πάντα δι' ἀλλήλων ὁ πολὺς σφραγίζεται αἰών, i.e. the death of one creature is the birth of another, Archelaus ap.Antig. Mir.89.

ἔπος, older [full] ϝέπος SIG9 (v. infr.), etc., εος, τό (Skt.

A vácas 'word', 'hymn', cf. εἶπον):

I word, παύρῳ ἔπει in short utterance, Pi.O. 13.98 ;

ἐπέων κόσμος Parm.8.52

, Democr.21 ;

ἔπους σμικροῦ χάριν S. OC 443

;

λόγοι ἔπεσι κοσμηθέντες Th.3.67

: generally, that which is uttered in words, speech, tale,

ἔπος ἐρέειν Il.3.83

, etc.;

φάσθαι Xenoph. 7.3

, Parm.1.23, etc.; joined with μῦθος, Od.4.597, 11.561.—Special uses,

1 song or lay accompanied by music, 8.91,17.519.

2 pledged word, promise, Il.8.8 ; τελέσαι ἔπος fulfil, keep one's word, 14.44, cf. A.Pr. 1033.

3 word in season, counsel, Il.1.216, 2.807, Od.18.166, etc.; freq. in Trag., E.Hel. 513, etc.

4 word of a deity, oracle, Od.12.266, Hdt.1.13, etc.

5 saying, proverb,

τὸ παλαιὸν ἔπος Id.7.51

, cf. Ar.Av. 507.

6 word, opp. deed, ἔπε' ἀκράαντα words of none effect, opp. ἔτυμα, Od.19.565, cf. E.HF 111 (lyr.); opp. ἔργον, Il.15.234, Od.2.272, etc., cf. 11.1 ;

αἴτε ϝέπος αἴτε ϝάργον SIG9

(Elis, vi B.C.); opp. βίη, Il.15.106 ; opp. χεῖρες, 1.77 (pl.).

7 subject of a speech, message, 11.652, 17.701, S.OT 1144, etc.

II later usages,

1 joined with ἔργον or

πρᾶγμα Heraclit.1

, A.Pers. 174 (troch.), Ar.Eq.39, etc.;

ἔργῳ τε καὶ ἔπει Pl. Lg. 879c

;

ἅμα ἔπος τε καὶ ἔργον ἐποίεε Hdt.3.134

;

χρηστὰ ἔργα καὶ ἔπεα ποιέειν Id.1.90

.

2 κατ' ἔπος word by word,

κατ' ἔ. βασανιεῖν φησι τὰς τραγῳδίας Ar.Ra. 802

.

3 πρὸς ἔπος at the first word, Luc. Ep.Sat.37.

b word in exchange for word, ἀμείβεσθαι, ἀποκρίνεσθαι, of an oracle, Id.Alex.19, Philops.38 ; also

ἔ. δ' ἀμείβου πρὸς ἔ. A.Eu. 586

, cf. Ar.Nu. 1375, Pl.Sph. 217d.

c οὐδὲν πρὸς ἔ. to no purpose, Ar.Ec. 751 ; also, nothing to the purpose,

ἐὰν μηδὲν πρὸς ἔ. ἀποκρίνωμαι Pl.Euthd. 295c

, cf. Luc.Herm.36 ; τί πρὸς ἔπος; Pl.Phlb. 18d.

4 ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν almost, practically, qualifying a too absolute expression, esp. with πᾶς and οὐδείς (not with metaphors), Pl.Ap. 17a, Phd. 78e, Grg. 456a, al., Arist.Metaph. 1009b16, Pol. 1252b29, D.9.47, etc. ; opp. ὄντως or ἀκριβεῖ λόγῳ, Pl.Lg. 656e, R. 341b ; later

ὡς ἔ. ἐστὶν εἰπεῖν POxy.67.14

(iv A.D.) ; in Trag.,

ὡς εἰπεῖν ἔ. A.Pers. 714

(troch.), E.Heracl. 167,Hipp. 1162, once in Pl.,Lg. 967b(s.v.l.).

5 ἑνὶ ἔπει in one word, briefly,

ἑνὶ ἔπεϊ πάντα συλλαβόντα λέγειν Hdt.3.82

.

III of single words, esp. with ref. to etymology or usage, Id.2.30, Ar. Nu. 638, Pl.Prt. 339a, etc.; ὀρθότης ἐπῶν,= ὀρθοέπεια (q.v.), Ar.Ra. 1181 ; ἄριστ' ἐπῶν ἔχον ib. 1161.

IV in pl., epic poetry, opp. μέλη (lyric poetry), ἰαμβεῖα, διθύραμβοι, etc.,

ῥαπτῶν ἐπέων ἀοιδοί Pi.N.2.2

;

τὰ Κύπρια ἔπεα Hdt.2.117

, cf. Th.1.3, X.Mem.1.4.3, Pl.R. 379a, etc. ;

ἔπεά τε ποιεῖν πρὸς λύραν τ' ἀείδειν Theoc.Ep.21.6

;

νικήσας ἔπος IG3.1020

; ποητὴς ἐπῶν ib.7.3197.9 (Orchom. [dialect] Boeot.), cf. OGI51.37 (Egypt, iii B.C.).

b generally, poetry, even lyrics, Alcm.25(prob.), Pi.O.3.8, etc.

c lines, verses, esp. of spoken lines in the drama, Ar.Ra. 862, 956, etc.: sg., verse, line of poetry, Hdt.4.29, Pl.Min. 319d ; group of verses, Id.R. 386c, Hdt.7.143.

d lines of writing,

μυρίων ἐπῶν μῆκος Isoc.12.136

; ἐν ὅλοις ἑπτὰ ἔπεσι παραδραμεῖν, of a historian, Luc.Hist.Conscr.28.